A 2008 disease outbreak in a collection of Australian pythons led to the discovery of a novel virus. That single-stranded RNA virus, most closely related to the family Paramyxoviridae, is now known as Sunshine virus. It has been found in captive pythons across Australia, but there has been very limited testing of other species and in other countries, and its status in wild populations is unknown.
Diagnosis of Sunshine virus infection currently is by PCR testing. Infections have been associated with neurorespiratory disease and mortality, but asymptomatic infected animals have also been detected. Limited information on viral pathogenicity and epidemiology has been obtained from analysis of diagnostic service records.
The aim of this study is to carry out controlled experiments to enable the progress of Sunshine virus infection to be mapped. Initial focus is on a transmission study, in conjunction with the development of tests for viral antibodies.
Following experimental inoculation snakes will be heavily sampled. Quantitative PCR will be used to determine relative viral load in samples. ELISA will be used to screen plasma samples for Sunshine virus antibody levels at a range of time points. Immunohistochemistry will be used to detect the location of virus in tissues.
Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of Sunshine virus and of the snake’s response to it will provide the basis for effective disease management advice. Development of additional techniques for clarifying an animal’s disease status will allow better informed decisions on the fate of individual animals. These outcomes will enable changes to reptile management systems, leading to better outcomes for the snakes and their owners.